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Watch the love story of the beautiful ‘Sultan’ in the documentary, she neither accepted her husband nor forgot her lover till her death.

by Sveta Goyal
October 14, 2024
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Razia’s full name was Razia al-Din (1205– October 14/15, 1240), Sultan Jalalat ud-Din Razia. She was the daughter of Iltutmish and the first Muslim ruler of India.

succession to razia

In his last days, Iltutmish was worried about the question of his succession. Nasiruddin Mahmud, the eldest son of Iltutmish, who was ruling Bengal as his father’s representative, died in April 1229 AD. The remaining surviving sons of the Sultan were not in any way capable of governing. Therefore, Iltutmish appointed his daughter Razia as his successor from his death bed. He convinced his chieftains and scholars about this. Although women had ruled as queens in ancient Egypt and Iran and also handled the business of the state since the ruling princes were younger, choosing a woman to inherit the throne in this way, despite having sons, was a new step.

arbitrariness of chieftains

The chiefs of his court were unhappy with this decision of Iltutmish. He considered it against his ego to bow before a woman. They violated the wishes of the deceased Sultan and installed his eldest son Rukunuddin Firoz Shah, who had been the ruler of Badaun during his father’s lifetime and Lahore a few years later, on the throne. This choice was unfortunate. Rukunuddin was completely unfit to rule. He was of low taste. He neglected government work and wasted state money. His mother was Shah Turkhan, who was of low origin.[1] She was an ambitious woman, but her actions were making things worse. He took all the power under his control, while his son Ruknuddin remained engrossed in pleasures. Disturbance spread throughout the state. The authority of the central government started being disregarded in Badaun, Multan, Yessi, Lahore, Awadh and Bengal. The chieftains of Delhi, who were seething with dissatisfaction due to the unnecessary influence of the Queen Mother, imprisoned her and placed Razia on the throne of Delhi. Ruknuddin Firoz, who had taken refuge in Lokhari, was imprisoned. Where his life ended on 9th November in 1266 AD.

fight the rich

To consolidate her position, Razia had to contend not only with her own brothers but also with powerful Turkish chieftains and could only rule for three years. Although the duration of his rule was very short, it had many important aspects. With the reign of Razia, conflict began between the emperor and the Turkish chieftains known as Chahalgani (Forty).

Razia’s cleverness and diplomacy

No task was easy for the young Begum. The Wazir of the state, Muhammad Junaidi and some other chiefs could not tolerate the rule of a woman and they gathered opponents against her. But Razia did not lack all the qualities important for governance. He quickly defeated his enemies with his cleverness and superior diplomacy. His authority over Hindustan (Northern India) and Punjab was established and the rulers of the distant provinces of Bengal and Sindh also accepted his suzerainty. Thus, as Minhajassiraj has written, all the Maliks and Amirs from Lakhnauti to Deval and Damrila accepted his obedience. At the beginning of Razia’s reign, an organized effort was made to create disturbance by some renegades from the Kiramit and Ahmadiyya sects under the leadership of a Turk named Naruddin. One thousand of his men arrived with swords and shields and entered the Great Mosque on a certain day; But they were dispersed by the government army and the rebellion became an ugly failure.

Organization of Turks

Contemporary Muslim historian Minhajassiraj has written that, “That great empress was clever, just, charitable, patron of scholars, dispensing justice, loving towards her subjects, proficient in the art of war and endowed with all the necessary praiseworthy adjectives and qualities of kings.” ” She herself used to go against the enemies with her army. Abandoning women’s clothing and the burqa, she used to wear a membrane and wear a man’s headgear. She used to carry out administrative work with great ability in the open court. In this way she tried to act as a king in every possible way.

Still, Begum was not destined to have a peaceful rule. She started showing undue kindness towards Jalaluddin Yaqut, an Abyssinian slave and gave him the high post of head of the stable. Angered by this, the Turkish chieftains organized themselves into a small confederacy.

thoughts of philosophers

Ibn Battuta is wrong to say that his fondness for the Abyssinians was criminal. The contemporary Muslim historian Minhaj has not made any such allegation. He only writes that the Abyssinian gained the favor of the Sultana by serving her.[ फ़रिश्ता का उसके ख़िलाफ़ एकमात्र आरोप यह है कि, अबीसीनियन और बेगम के बीच अत्यधिक परिचय देखा गया, यहाँ तक की जब वह घोड़े पर सवार रहती थी, तब वह बाहों से उसे (रानी को) उठाकर बराबर घोड़े पर बिठा लेता था[ जैसा की मेजर रैवर्टी ने बतलाया है, टॉमस ने उचित कारण न रहने पर भी इस बेगम के चरित्र पर इन शब्दों में आक्षेप किया है, यह बात नहीं थी कि एक अविवाहिता बेगम को प्यार करने की मनाही थी-वह किसी भी जी-हुज़ूर वाले शाहज़ादे से शादी कर उसके साथ प्रेम के ग़ोते लगा सकती थी, अथवा राजमहल के हरम (ज़नानख़ाने) के अन्धेरे कोने में क़रीब-क़रीब बिना रोकथाम के आमोद-प्रमोद कर सकती थी; लेकिन राह चलते प्रेम दिखलाना एक ग़लत दिशा की ओर संकेत कर रहा था और इस कारण उसने (बेगम ने) एक ऐसे आदमी को पसन्द किया, जो कि उसके दरबार में नौकरी कर रहा था तथा वह एक अबीसीनियन भी था। जिसके प्रति दिखलाई गई कृपाओं का तुर्की सरदारों ने एक स्वर से विरोध किया[

अल्तूनिया से विवाह

सबसे पहले सरहिन्द के शासक इख़्तियारुद्दीन अल्तूनिया ने खुले तौर पर विद्रोह किया, जिसे दरबार के कुछ सरदार गुप्त रूप से उभाड़ रहे थे। बेगम एक बड़ी सेना लेकर विद्रोह का दमन करने के लिए चली। किन्तु इस युद्ध में विद्रोही सरदारों ने याक़ूत को मार डाला तथा बेगम को क़ैद कर लिया। वह इख़्तियारुद्दीन अल्तूनिया के संरक्षण में रख दी गई। रज़िया ने अल्तूनिया से विवाह करके इस परिस्थिति से छुटकारा पाने का प्रयत्न किया, परन्तु यह व्यर्थ ही सिद्ध हुआ। वह अपने पति के साथ दिल्ली की ओर बढ़ी। लेकिन कैथल के निकट पहुँचकर अल्तूनिया के समर्थकों ने उसका साथ छोड़ दिया तथा 13 अक्टूबर, 1240 ई. को मुइज़ुद्दीन बहराम ने उसे पराजित कर दिया। दूसरे दिन रज़िया की उसके पति के साथ हत्या कर दी गई। इस तरह तीन वर्ष तथा कुछ महीनों के राज्यकाल के बाद कष्टपूर्वक रज़िया बेगम के जीवन का अन्त हो गया।

रज़िया के गुण

रज़िया में अदभुत गुण थे। फ़रिश्ता लिखता है कि, “वह शुद्ध उच्चारण करके क़ुरान का पाठ करती थी तथा अपने पिता के जीवन काल में शासन कार्य किया करती थी।” बेगम की हैसियत से उसने अपने गुणों को अत्यधिक विशिष्टता से प्रदर्शित करने का प्रयत्न किया। समकालीन मुस्लिम इतिहासकार मिनहाजुस्सिराज ने लिखा है कि, “वह महती सम्राज्ञी चतुर, न्यायी, दानशील, विद्वानों की आश्रयदायी, न्याय वितरण करने वाली, अपनी प्रजा से स्नेह रखनेवाली, युद्ध कला में प्रवीण तथा राजाओं के सभी आवश्यक प्रशंसनीय विशेषणों एवं गुणों से सम्पन्न थी।” वह स्वयं सेना लेकर शत्रुओं के सम्मुख जाती थी। स्त्रियों के वस्त्र को छोड़ तथा बुर्के का परित्याग कर वह झिल्ली पहनती थी तथा पुरुष का शिरोवस्त्र धारण करती थी। वह खुले दरबार में अत्यन्त योग्यता के साथ शासन-कार्य का सम्पादन करती थी। इस प्रकार हर सम्भव तरीक़े से वह राजा का अभिनय करने का प्रयत्न करती थी। किन्तु अहंकारी तुर्की सरदार एक महिला के शासन को नहीं सह सके। उन्होंने घृणित रीति से उसका अन्त कर दिया। रज़िया के दु:खद अन्त से यह स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि अंधविश्वासों पर विजय प्राप्त करना सदैव ज़्यादा आसान नहीं होता।

रज़िया के पश्चात

रज़िया की मृत्यु के पश्चात् कुछ काल तक अव्यवस्था एवं गड़बड़ी फैली रही। दिल्ली की गद्दी पर उसके उत्तराधिकारी मुइज़ुद्दीन बहराम तथा अलाउद्दीन मसूद गुणहीन एवं अयोग्य थे तथा उनके छ: वर्षों के शासनकाल में देश में शान्ति एवं स्थिरता का नाम भी न रहा। बाहरी आक्रमणों से हिन्दुस्तान (उत्तरी भारत) का दु:ख और भी बढ़ गया। 1241 ई. में मंगोल पंजाब के मध्य में पहुँच गए तथा लाहौर का सुन्दर नगर उनके निर्मम पंजे में पड़ गया। 1245 ई. में वे उच्च तक बढ़ आये। लेकिन उनकी बड़ी क्षति हुई और उन्हें पीछे हटना पड़ा। मसूद शाह के शासनकाल के अन्तिम वर्षों में असन्तोष अधिक प्रचण्ड एवं विस्तृत हो गया। अमीरों तथा मलिकों ने 10 जून, 1246 ई. को इल्तुतमिश के एक कनिष्ठ पुत्र नसीरूद्दीन महमूद को सिंहासन पर बैठा दिया।

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